Brief Literary Analysis Edgar Allen Poe

15 November 2012 Edgar Allan Poe Literary Analysis Edgar Allan Poe is often regarded as the most skilled American poet and short story writer, and it is no wonder because every literary work created by Poe is written with such proficiency, that even readers today are awe-struck. In Poe’s short stories and poems, one will find the same few themes in his works, such as women, the color red and a variety of horror themes, however one theme that is very repetitive is his employment of death. This theme is used in many novels today, and is also a popular theme in books, television shows and videogames. Read also Edgar Allan Poe DrugsIn fact, since the 1800s, people have become increasingly appealed by death. Death was one of Poe’s favorite themes, and is a big reason why Poe’s literary works are still read today. In Poe’s short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, the theme of death often brought up, such as when the fatal â€Å"red death† sickness was described: when contracted, its host would feel â€Å"sharp pains, and sudden dizziness† (1), and its host would have â€Å"profuse bleeding of the pores† (1). The red death was a widespread disease, but Prince Prospero’s castle was safe from the red death because the disease couldn’t get past the abbey gates.In his happy mood, the Prince organized a ball, this ball was not an ordinary ball, but it was a masquerade, in which the guests would wear masks and costumes. This story ends in an extremely violent manner, in which every masquerader succumbs to the red death. The theme of this masquerade was gruesome; many masqueraders wore very graphic outfits, which foreshadow the horrible end of this story. Another one of Poe’s works, â€Å"Annabel Lee†, was actually based on his wife, Virgiania Eliza Clemm Poe, and in the the poem, Annabel is killed by the angels above that were jealous of the love between Annabel and Poe.So one night, at the peak of their jealousy, the sent out a cloud â€Å"Chilling and killing† (4. 6) Poe’s Annabel Lee. The theme of death is very obvious in that Annabel Lee dies in the poem, and the main character is filled with an infinite sadness, that he even sleeps by the grave. What’s ironic about this poem is the fact that Annabel dies from a chilly wind, and Virginia, in her last stage of consumption, dies cold, and Poe, so poor, was unable to afford a blanket for her, a simple luxury that would have brightened her mood just a bit. The Fall of the House of Usher† is a unique short st ory in that it was one of the first â€Å"haunted house† stories of it’s time. This story was about a man who was invited by his friend, Roderick Usher, to cheer Usher up. The main character soon arrives at the Usher manor, which once was beautiful, now is an old run-down mansion. The only two Usher family members that are still alive are the twins, Roderick and Madeline, and both of them suffer from peculiar diseases, Roderick suffers from a â€Å"morbid acuteness of the senses† (3) and Madeline seemingly suffers form a type of immunodeficiency, in which she gets deathly ill often.The first appearance of the theme of death is when Roderick states Madeline as â€Å"dead† and subsequently buries Madeline prematurely. Roderick is aware of this, and near the end of the story, Madeline breaks out of her coffin and â€Å"with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother,† (10) killing Roderick, another appearance of death. At th e very end, the manor disappears, symbolizing the death of the Usher bloodline. The theme of death is apparent in this short story, so this theme is not only a coincidence. Many of Poe’s stories include death, and â€Å"The Black Cat† is no exception.This story is one of his more brutal stories in that the main character first hung his favorite cat, Pluto, and then â€Å"buried the axe† (4) in his wife’s head. The final death is that of the main character, when he is sentenced to hang for his atrocious deed of murder. This theme of death is proved as a common theme now, as it is in at least four of Poe’s literary works, and these stories aren’t the only ones that include the theme of death. Death is not a happy event. A funeral is usually a time of sadness, and there is depressing atmosphere that is fueled by this sadness.Poe recreates this atmosphere in many of his works in the mood of the story or poem. For example, in â€Å"The Fall of t he House of Usher† this depressing mood is heightened when the reader becomes aware that the only remaining Ushers alive are Roderick and Madeline. Another instance of heightened mood is in â€Å"The Black Cat† when Pluto is brutally executed by the main character. This mood is even evident in â€Å"Annabel Lee† when Poe writes â€Å"A wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my beautiful Annabel Lee† (4. 25-26). Poe is a master at creating this theme, as he effectively depresses the reader with the depressing mood of death.Poe is also proficient at symbolizing death. The symbolism of death takes many different forms in Poe’s works ranging from very simple symbols to rather complex ones. An example is the clock in â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† in which the clock chimed every hour with a â€Å"dull, heavy, monotonous clang† (2). A clock is a symbol of death because it constantly reminds the limited life span of a h uman being. A rather blunt symbol of death is a coffin, like the one Madeline Usher broke out of in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher. † The reason a coffin is a symbol of death is because a corpse is put in a coffin prior to the burial of the body.The color black is also a symbol of death, which is the color of the velvet tapestries, hung in the seventh room in â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† which is the room Prince Prospero and his fellow masqueraders are killed. In many of Poe’s works, the story takes place in an old house, or castle, the reason behind this is that an older house usually means it has survived several generations, which can also be related to death, because a generation is defined as a group of people born at approximately the same time, and since a human being has a defined life span, the end of a generation is when the group of people die.The old Usher manor has survived several generations of the Usher family, and it is also the plac e where several of the Usher family members are buried. At the end, it is the resting place of Madeline and Roderick. Ultimately, the house mysteriously disappears when Madeline and Roderick die. Another old building is Prince Prospero’s castle in â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, and that also has seen many generations of mankind, but it also sees the death of Prospero and his friends when the Red Death sneaks into the masquerade and swiftly kills them all.A very large amount of Poe’s works take place at night, rarely does one of Poe’s works take place in the daytime. The night has always held superstition for mankind because it is first of all, a time when humans sleep, and aren’t very active, and second of all, the human eye cannot see in the dark well. As stated before, rarely does one of Poe’s works take place in the day, in fact, the four works referenced all take place at night. One may wonder why many of Poe’s works were vio lent, gloomy, and why many of his stories included a lot of death.The explanation is because Poe had a very depressing life. His father was an alcoholic that left after Poe was a year old and eventually died of alcoholism. His mother cared for Poe until she died of consumption. After Poe’s mom had died, Francis Allan adopted Poe and Francis sent him to a peculiar school in England. What made this school peculiar was how the taught math and physical education. Math was taught using dates on tombstones, while physical education was taught by digging graves. This school could be a possible influence on Poe’s works, because he got to do graveyard work.Later, when he grew older, Poe had taken a romantic interest in his friend’s (his friend’s name was Richard) mother. Sadly, Richard’s mother developed a tumor, and died. Soon after Poe had finished college, Francis Allan died of consumption, and she was the only reason John Allan hadn’t evicted Poe yet, so once Francis died, Poe was evicted. After this event, Poe found a new romantic interest, in his adopted sister, Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe. Poe married her when he was twenty-six years old. Unfortunately, Virginia also died from consumption. Now it can be seen why Poe wrote so much about death, because he was surrounded by it.Poe’s life was a short-lived and very unfortunate one. Many of his loved ones died from either consumption or other causes, and Poe was always poor. Poe became an alcoholic, just like his father, and he died at age forty. There was no rest for Poe, so most of his feelings went into his poetry and short stories, and that was what made him a successful writer. In the time Poe lived, there was common a terrible disease called consumption, or more commonly known today as Tuberculosis. This disease would attack the victim’s lungs, and slowly kill the victim.The common symptom of consumption is coughing up blood, but there are other symptoms such as a fever, chest pains, a cough with increasing mucus and a nightly sweat. This disease is could have been a big influence on Poe’s writing, because this disease killed many of Poe’s beloved and in a rather violent manner. Another thing people of Poe’s time were scared of was being buried alive, so much that devices that rung bells were attached to coffins so in the event someone was buried alive, person in the coffin could ring the bell and be rescued from their earthly prison.This fear was so great, that Poe had the idea to put it into one of his stories â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which Madeline Usher was buried before she was dead, by Roderick Usher. This fear had an apparent influence on Poe’s literature, and people loved the thrill of reading Poe’s â€Å"tales of terror. † In â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† Poe accomplishes several points, that death is unavoidable; Prince Prospero could not escape the i nevitable Red Death disease by simply hiding in his Abbey until it went away. Poe also states that death is an eternal law. If there is a beginning, there is an end, and life is no exception.Even time dies alongside the masqueraders, for time, one of humanity’s fears, will cease to exist as well. These points are surprisingly true, for each thing that has a beginning comes to an end, no exceptions. Poe blends morals and lessons into a brutal story of a man who tried to evade death, but he was foolish, for no mortal can escape death. Science states that everything was created, and everything will be destroyed, in due time, so this eternal law of death that Poe creates is so incredibly accurate to science, that Poe was a genius to secretly incorporate this law into a short story.Edgar Allan Poe is perhaps one of the greatest American writers of all time. His short stories and poems are still read by the world, and for good reason, what makes his stories so good are his well-wri tten story plots, and his themes of death, blood and gore which still ones that even people today can enjoy and be thrilled by. Poe had a depressing life, and it is unfortunate that he lived only forty years, who knows what else could have been produced.

Leadership Career Management And Personal Development Education Essay

Personal effectivity ( Parker & A ; Stone, 2003 ) means the ways of self-development aiming to better 1s personal, societal and other contexts of calling. This study has made for sketching the chief factors of brooding pattern and its consequence on uninterrupted personal development. This thought may assist anyone to happen out his or her strengths and failings of daily life ; it may assist to categorise one ‘s personality and can assist to pull off many environmental factors. Improvement of behavioral competences ( accomplishments ) ensures personal effectivity. Persons ( Parker & A ; Stone, 2003 ) with the accomplishments of good apprehension, effectual communicating and accurate hearing and leading quality can easy do difference by taking them towards success. For developing self-understanding, it is compulsory to concentrate on personal individuality. Knowing thyself helps to place major strengths and failings that will take anyone to take the right determination for their hereafter. Beliefs and values help to develop personal foundation. Positive beliefs will assist persons to take the right determinations for their hereafter and negative believes will take them towards confusion. Harmonizing to Robbins ( 1986 ) , to organize persons ‘ personalities, foundation beliefs and values play an of import function. Furthermore, harmonizing to some theoreticians, one of the most of import and powerful beginnings is the belief and this powerful beginning can be influenced by some factors like instruction, faith, imposts and civilization. It has besides influenced by person ‘s experiences. There are two types of beliefs and these are positive and negative. Behaviour and public presentation can be influenced by these beliefs. Performance can be severely affected by negative beliefs and the antonym can be done by positive beliefs. The positive beliefs aid to increase assurance. In a survey, Kolb cited by Burt ( 1995 ) mentioned that past experiences can assist to organize the hereafter program and besides can assist to better persons. For personal development I do n't analyze merely the successes but largely analyse the failures more and it helps me to pull off my effectivity. David Kolb explained a learning rhythm with four related factors which is really effectual in experimental acquisition. Harmonizing to Kolb, proper analysis and use of past experiences helps to make on personal effectivity. Lack of success can assist to increase experiences. These experiences can play an of import function of be aftering for the following state of affairs and besides aid to better the person. David A. Kolb with Roger Fry ( Mintzberg, 1977 ) emphasizes effectual communicating, which can incarnate cognition and accomplishments and is helpful for self-development. Team spirit and higher public presentation are encouraged by good communications. Facts, emotions and demands are the cardinal elements of communicating. The encephalons logic and sentiments are the basic of facts. The non-logical and non-rational activities are emotions. Fundamental development demands are logical. Assorted types of communications help anybody to better personal development. To better personal development verbal, non-verbal and the written communications play of import function. Tone of voice and organic structure linguistic communication besides listening are the chief characteristics of active communicating and effectual for personal development. By following Kolb ‘s experimental acquisition, commanding emotions is the cardinal factors for me to take the right determinations at right times . In my sentiment and experiences, theories do non precisely supply a solution for every contingency. To use any theory I think fast on my pess. Theory gives me the footing of understanding techniques to use this to pattern more expeditiously. Past experiences and achieved accomplishments assist me to foreground farther countries for preparation and development. King and Kitchener ( 1987 ) province that, ‘the brooding model theoretical accounts aid anybody to better some accomplishments, helps to believe for future activities, helps anybody in fast and busy state of affairss ; contemplation helps larning new things accurately, helps to organize new constructs and assist to recognize new thoughts ‘ . At the really beginning of this study I thought that it was really complicated but after sometimes I knew that it was a affair of believing. Alternatively of basking the study I became resentful because its meddlesomeness. Schon ( 1987 ) emphasizes on betterment of professional cognition. The ‘reflection in action ‘ and the ‘the contemplation on action ‘ are the contemplations of Schon. Harmonizing to King and Kitchener contemplation has developed my cognitive ability and for this ground I have learnt more about contemplation and about myself. I besides think that everybody should use the experiences drawn during contemplation Gibbs ( 1988 ) represented a brooding theoretical account which deals with the straightforward affair and it besides expresses the state of affairs clearly. This theoretical account is related to feelings analysis and experiences rating. Johns ( Platzer et. al. , 1997 ) represented a structured contemplation theoretical account. This structured contemplation theoretical account of acquisition can be used to understand the analysis of critical incident. It is by and large used in more complex affairs of determination Reflective ( Robert, 1974 ) pattern helps me to larn self-development and it besides helps me to develop my communicating accomplishments in many ways which is really critical for my individuality. The personal individuality and realistic communicating system assist me to take any organisation in any environment. Brooding pattern helps to organize leading, which influences the ideas and behaviors of assorted people. The place of the leader may be formal or informal. Brooding patterns help to reexamine, program, proctors and to measure the advancement of persons. I am now able to supply some techniques which can assist anybody in some plans. For the uninterrupted personal development I can take some stairss, like: Bettering a monolithic and logical vision. Form an active and acute direction squad and take the squad with the aid of achieved experient and accomplishments. Leading any organisation or any squad accurately and harmonizing to squad direction regulations. I can develop the verbal and body linguistic communication accomplishments which may impact communications positively. I can supply constructive feedback for pull offing people and besides can assist to pull off single ‘s personalities. I can assist to develop interfacing accomplishments across any concern organisation and besides can assist to take assorted obstructions for the peculiar squad. I may accept unfavorable judgment, supply feedback and can take any positive input from learned persons. Using the Gibbs theoretical account I can go really clear about any state of affairss and can take farther stairss for improvement. From John ‘s theoretical account I have learnt how to critically analyse any affair.Portfolio.2My disbursement clip in the pupil concern conference was excessively effectual that it has made great impact on my accomplishments and larning new things. This first professional betterment conference was an unwritten presentation in forepart of all of our pupils. The presentation in forepart of our pupils was an exciting affair for the first clip and taking portion in this conference I found that it was direct and really related and consecutive to the point. Participating in the conference and showing my work in the personal and professional development seminar my assurance improved a batch to show my plants to others and larn many things new like how body linguistic communication helps to show emotions and thoughts what I could non thought earlier. At first clip I could non understand many systems related to conference and thought that it was merely exercising which may open the appeal of the participant and we knew better every one from the conference. One of the presenters emphasizes on the presentation manner and about the demands of presentation which was rather hard affairs. The presenter showed how to show the study, what is the basic construction of the study and besides showed the attitudes related to presentation. From this seminar cubic decimeter learnt presentation manners and formats easy which are much needed in the professional life particularly in the concern sector to depict new merchandises and publicities. None the less I think that it is a good manner to pass on through to other pupils and lectures if it were used by other pupils. Roll uping information has been indispensable to the class all the work that I have presented even the study that I ‘m composing now. The conference is a great manner of meeting for me with the professionals. From the pupil concern conference I have learnt the procedure of informations aggregation and besides the manner of informations presentation which was presented by some professionals. I learnt from the seminar that garnering information from assorted beginnings and use it in exact sector is a critical affair for any professionals. After achieving the conference I have changed my working manner in any class study and seeking to follow the professional manners. Now I am doing the notes of any of import information related to my class work to use it for the current and future mentions. Now I am utilizing direct and clear informations presentation sy stem. I have non faced any major jobs during my acquisition in the conference. I felt that I was able plenty to get the better of any unexpected state of affairss and I could larn in faster manner. In the seminar some subjects related to creativeness and communications were discussed which was irrelevant to our class. If I expanse this subject it can be easy observed that I have improved some of my presentation accomplishments and this advancement happened because of the effectual conferences. This conference is a great chance for me to larn new and necessary things. From this conference I learnt how to pull audiences by assorted speaking and utilizing proper organic structure linguistic communication, how to undertake audiences inquiries etc. For the hereafter I am be aftering to make my work in the more organized ways which will salvage my clip and will assist me in my professional life. After the conference I am seeking to better my presentation accomplishments and manners. Following the instructions of the erudite presenter I am making better in this sector twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Now a twenty-four hours I do n't hotfoot any of my professional activities. Because of the contemplation it can develop the grad which I am acquiring. Now I am satisfied with the activities those I have performed until now.Portfolio.3By ( Weber, 1947 ) the choice leading people may act upon really easy and this quality may command many hard things in many unexpected state of affairss. This leading may be designated from dependable authorization or can be dependent on owns ability. The Greenwich MBA plan helps to better the leading in many effectual ways in some practical sectors. This system holds some indispensable elements. As a good professional it is really indispensable to be cognizant of assorted format and demands environing them. Detecting the different signifiers of leading and besides its utility and bad consequence professional should develop the failing points. The class Leadership taught me how to work in a squad as a leader and as a member to accomplish squad aims. Transformational leading is the best manner of leading that I have learnt from this topic. Transformational leader motivated his follower to travel beyond bound. Good leader encourages, listen to followings and tried to acquire involved to the whole procedure and accomplish results. So from now I ever try to pattern these leading accomplishments. Now I ever listen to my squad member ‘s sentiment, doing any determination democratically, resolve any job with unfastened treatment. I have learned some utile concern tools like SWOT, FIVE FORCES, PESTLE from scheme and transmutation class that will assist me to understand the external and internal environment that are related to concern. In add-on how should I use chances by utilizing my strength? Besides prevent any approaching menace through extinguishing my failing. It will assist me to understand the state of affairs and take the determination about right clip and topographic point. I have learnt scheme to take the concern make profitable and to avoid losingss. So, I will detect both the internal and external environment related to my company and will seek to better it ; I will contrive some newer schemes to pull the of import stakeholders of my company. As money is the chief factor for any concern and utilizing the fiscal direction cognition, I have learned how to take investing determination, how to pull off financess, more over importance of liquidness. Pull offing hazard throughout the undertaking, cost volume net income analysis helped me to take determination which one will be profitable for me. Besides assist me to do a fiscal planning for organisation, now I will see the gross growing with attention ; I will take stairss to maintain the monetary value of the merchandise sensible ; I will do a good relation with quality and cost ; I will pay attending on a specific concern country ; I will take the best measure against the chief rivals Besides Human resource direction helped to larn enrolling procedure, behavior preparation and development that employer required for their organisation. It taught me to larn conflict declaration between squads and single. For new staffs choice I will seek to avoid enlisting bureaus. For the feasibleness and significant part of clients I will contrive a strategic architecture for my company. For the company ‘s improvement I will seek to rewrite the policies and regulations of my company, I will contrive the newer competitory infinite ; For better chances I will implement unfastened ended and dateless testing system. I will seek to abandon disused thoughts for my company. To do my company successful I will non merely add value but will reinvent it. I will construct a good relation among providers, clients, concern spouses and stakeholders of my company that I have learned from my concern context and international concern environment. More over utilizing Information direction scheme in my concern I will be able to makes its sole, efficient, and cost-efficient.Mentions:Burt, C. ( 1995 ) . The grounds for the construct of intelligence, British Journal of Educational psychological science. 25 ( 2 ) . In: Broadfield, A. et Al. ( 1998 ) . Organizational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. 1st erectile dysfunction. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, pp.158-77. Gibbs, G. ( 1988 ) . Learning by making: A usher to instruction and larning methods. Oxford, England: Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Mintzberg, H. ( 1977 ) . ‘The director ‘s occupation: folklore and fact ‘ , Harvard Business Review, vol.55, no.4, July- August, pp. 49-61. In: Buchanan, D, and Huczynski, A. ( 200 ) . Organizational Behavior: An introductory Text. 5th erectile dysfunction. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, pp.494. King, P. , and Kitchener, K.S. ( 1994 ) . Developing brooding opinion: apprehension and advancing rational growing and critical thought in striplings and grownups. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Parker, S. , & A ; Stone, B. ( 2003 ) . Developing Management Skills for Leadership. 2nd erectile dysfunction. published UK, Prentice Hall. pp.32-39. Platzer, H. , et Al. ( 1997 ) Promoting brooding practicians in nursing: a reappraisal of theoretical theoretical accounts and research into the usage of journals and diaries to ease contemplation, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol.2, No.2, pp. 103-121. Robert, K. ( 1974 ) . Skills of an Effective Administrator, Harvard Business Review, September-October, pp. 90-101. Robbins, A. ( 1986 ) . Unlimited Power, published in UK, Simon & A ; Schuster. 2nd erectile dysfunction. pp. 231-232. Schon, D. ( 1987 ) . Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. pp. 57-62. Weber, M. ( 1947 ) . The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. and ed. A.M. Henderson and T. Parsons, Oxford University Press: Oxford. In: Buchanan, D, and Huczynski, A. ( 2004 ) . Organizational Behavior: An introductory Text. 5th erectile dysfunction. Harlow England: Pearson Education Limited, pp.770.

Analysis of Animal Farm and It’s Characters

Animal Farm is an allegorical fable of the workers revolt and the rise to power of the communist party in the former Soviet Union shortly after World War I and in particular the rise to supremacy of Joseph Stalin, as told in the form of a story of the farm animals of Manor Farm who overthrow the drunken farmer Jones and seize control of the farm for themselves. In this allegory, farmer Jones represents the Russian aristocracy and the animals represent the peasants, working class, and some elements of the middle class who revolted against them.The various animals on the farm were intended by Orwell to represent the various classes and responses of individuals to power. The pigs clearly represent the ruling class and the lust for power, the ones who will go out of their way to get what they want. They also represent the intellectual class, because of their capacity to read and write. First among the pigs is Old Major, the boar who prophesizes the revolution. He is based on the politica l economist Karl Marx, and, like Marx, dies before the revolution occurs, but whose teachings inspired the revolution.After the revolution, two pigs: Snowball and Napoleon, rise to prominence in the ruling pig class. Snowball was Orwell’s portrayal of the intellectual orator Leon Trotsky, who was outmanoeuvred for the leadership of the Russian communist party after the death of Lenin by Stalin, who is represented in Animal Farm by Napoleon. Snowball, like Trotsky, comes to be portrayed by the ruling forces as an anti-revolutionary figure who they claim to be working behind the scenes to undermine what happens on the farm.Second in the social ladder of Animal Farm are the puppies, taken from their mother at birth and indoctrinated by Napoleon. They signify the elite revolutionary guard, most loyal to the leadership but who also benefit from that loyalty. Further down the ladder is Boxer, the work-horse who is very loyal to authority. The expression â€Å"work-horse† ref ers to a â€Å"person or machine that dependably performs hard work over a long period of time† which corresponds perfectly with Boxer and his motto: â€Å"I will work harder†.He symbolizes the hard working peasant class, who in communist societies were always hailed by the ruling class but who were also secretly feared by them for their strength. Lower on the ladder you find the sheep. They are the ignorant ones and symbolize the uneducated, those most easily duped and fooled by power, and from whom the ruling class gain most of their authority. Finally, there is Benjamin the donkey, who represents cynicism, those who recognize corruption but do nothing to stop it and follow the current; those who go along and try not to be noticed.Only once does Benjamin become exited, and it happens when his friend Boxer gets carried away by the glue cart and taken to his untimely death, in the same way that mister Jones would have done. Among the humans, the main characters are Mis ter Frederick and Mister Pilkington. They represent Germany and England respectively. They compete both for the favour of Animal Farm but both wish to undo Animal Farm. Animal Farm is partly saved by the fact that Mr. Fredrick and Mr. Pilkington don’t get along, and their conflict represent the struggles in Europe during the years of the Second World War and those leading up to it.Mr. Fredericks attack on Animal Farm near the end of the book is a portrayal of the treachery of a pact signed between Stalin and Hitler, which lead to the siege of Leningrad. In essence, the novella deals with the way power becomes consolidated in smaller and smaller hands, until it is essentially controlled by one animal, Napoleon. After Jones is overthrown, power is shared by every animal, intelligent or not, but quickly comes to reside only in the hooves of the ruling class, better known as the pigs, then only in Napoleon’s.It is the story of how power corrupts everything. Animal Farm is perceived, at the beginning, as an idealistic farm where power is divided into the hands of all, and the repartition of power was voted by every animal. Therefore one can argue that Animal Farm’s political power was gained in legitimate way, which means it was accepted by all the animals. Even though Animal Farm depicted an optimistic regime, it did not take long before its state deteriorated. It is easily relatable to the power in the Soviet Union at the time.Whilst Stalin gained power in an illegal way by duping the soviet population and making Trotsky flee, he portrayed himself as the greatest thing that ever happened to the Union, and conned his people by creating a lifestyle in which everyone had equal rights and duties. Like in the Soviet Union, once power was contained by the more authoritative, in this case the pigs, it became progressively illegitimate. Putting the control in smaller and smaller hooves, the animals on the farm slowly lost power, and therefore the pow er became illegitimate, because it was not accepted fully by all the animals.Although Orwell was a socialist, his novel demonstrates how for revolutions to succeed, violent men are needed to run the revolution, but once successful, these men are going to remain violent to maintain their doctrine. It is also interesting to see how the animals represent the different psychologies of individuals coming to deal with something that they believed with every fiber of their being to be good but which turns out to be totally wrong.On the one extreme you have the sheep types, who are far too ignorant to understand what is going on, while on the other you have the Benjamin-the-donkey types who know that it is wrong but decide to go with it because they are too cynical to believe that there is a possibility of a better world. According to my edition of the book, this novella was written between November 1943 and February 1944. The siege of Leningrad, which is depicted in the novel, only ends at the end of January 1944, just a few weeks before Orwell completed his principal draft of the novella.Also, the novella was first published in England in August 1945, just a few months after the end of World War II. The final chapter, however, begins with the sentence: â€Å"Years passed†, and tells the history of Animal Farm in the years after the battle with Frederick. What is interesting is that the first nine chapters of the novella is a fable of the history of the Soviet Union up to the end of World War II. But because the novella was published in 1945, this final chapter is Orwell’s speculation of the future direction of the Soviet Union.In it, he draws an Animal Farm that becomes increasingly like it was before the expulsion of Jones, except even more brutal. The relationships between the pigs and the other farmers become gradually more closer, and ultimately the name of Animal Farm returns to the name Manor Farm. Clearly, the history of the Soviet Union in the cold war period is vastly different of that depicted by Orwell in the final chapter of the book; the reality of post World War II era is that the Soviet Union did not go back to being named Russia and did not denounce Marxism.Personally, I think that while accurately predicting a ruling class that would become more and more aristocratic and less and less concerned for the welfare of its citizens, Orwell also tries to depict a Soviet ruling class that isn’t the worst ruling class, but how is it as bad as those in other countries. This becomes clear in that final scene where the pigs and the farmers start toasting each other and the farmers praise the pigs successes. The final line of the book reads, â€Å"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say which was which. â€Å"

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the Essay - 3

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis - Essay Example This is attributed to the fact that when a firm or a nation borrows money from the capital markets, the reason is often to invest in additional physical capital products that will be utilized to increase income. It usually takes several months or even years before the investments start generating sufficient return to pay back its cost thus leading to an economic crisis. Capital markets are usually concerned with long tern finance. It comprises of a series of channels through which the communities’ savings are made available for commercial and industrial enterprises and public authorities. Therefore, Chisholm (2009) defines capital markets as financial markets which are tasked with the buying and selling of equity-backed securities or long-term debt. These markets usually channel the wealth of the savers to those who have the capability of putting it into long-term use. The paper will offer evidence supporting the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the ‘new economy’ bubble and the banking crisis. According to a view shared by Rudd (2009), prescriptions of the neo-liberal policy flow from the major theoretical belief in the superiority of unregulated markets, especially unregulated capital markets. These claims is based on the "efficient-markets hypothesis" , which claims that financial-market prices, such as stock-market prices incorporates all the available information representing the best possible estimate of asset prices. Therefore, it follows that if prices fully informed and markets are fully efficient, there exists no reason to believe that asset-price bubbles are probable which means that if these do occur, markets will self-correct. In the neo-liberal view, deviations from market efficiency are as a result of external causes. They ascertain that bubbles and other disruptions are caused by governments and other "imperfections", and

Research paper Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research paper - Annotated Bibliography Example The fear and prejudice against Muslim has led to an attack on all Muslims, including burning the mosques. The Muslims perceive this as hatred towards a different color or a different religion. Towards the close of the Ramadan, a mosque was brought down to rumbles in Missouri (Amer & Basu, 2012). Thus, there is an Islamophobia, which does not necessarily differentiate between terrorists and Muslims, or the Muslim religion.In New York, a student attacked and stabbed a cab driver who was a Muslim, raising the question of whether this act was triggered by the perpetrators hate for Muslims or it was just a criminal act targeting at any cab driver (Crudele & Esposito, 2012). The New York mayor termed the incidence disgraceful, amidst the uncertainty of what exactly had triggered this action. If such an action was triggered by such hatred, then it is apparent that the prejudice against the Muslims is turning to fatal level. The anniversary on the September 2011 attacks in America has always created dark memories, igniting a feeling of resentfulness between the Americans and the Muslims. This could be the possible trigger of the recent attacks on the Muslim faith, marked by arsonists and anti-Sharia movements (Lean, 2012). There has been a sustained attitude of hate towards the Muslims, which is a wrong response to the losses suffered during the 2001 attack. The ban of the Muslim headscarf for schools in southern Russia has angered the Muslim, raising the concern that such a move has forced the Muslim girls to choose between state education and their religion, which is totally inappropriate (Mooneye, 2012).. Thus, the tension between the Muslims and the rest has continued to rise, owing to the perception that Muslims are associated to terrorism in one way or the other. Recently, a man in Connecticut threatened to assault a Muslim woman because of her religion heritage. This promoted The Council on Ameri can-Islamic Relations (CAIR) to call on the FBI to

Personal bias paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal bias paper - Essay Example They also acknowledge that the phenomenon of socio-economic status is real. Apart from these fundamental realizations, the education also focuses on the physical ability of individuals (Prasad 67). The issue of physical ability is fundamental in explaining the divergences between people. Not everyone can have the ability to undertake certain actions. This is attributable to the nature of their physical ability. Family education requires committed educators who must have adequate faith and appropriate styles in their roles as educators. Faith allows educators to believe in the culture and meaning of culture practice. This implies that the educators make their students acknowledge the existence of cultural practices because of the faith that they continue to show. It also makes the family educators develop a consistent style while they deliver fundamental lessons on family life (Prasad 43). It is beneficial for people to undergo both prescribed and informal family education classes. This will improve human relations in families and societies. People will understand why certain occurrences take place and in turn prevent conflicts. Elements of misunderstanding between people from diverse socio-economic status will also be

GSK Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GSK - Case Study Example GSK had several arguments in its defense. First, it argued that it was not breaching any competition laws since national governments already controlled and restricted the pharmaceutical sector (Schultz & Killick 2006, p.2). Secondly, GSK averred that opening up the pharmaceutical sector to parallel market operations would negatively impact on their revenues; hence, hampering their role in research and development. In addition, parallel market operations tended to create shortages of medicine in low-price countries as businesses were buying them from such countries and shipping them off to high-price countries within the EU in order to rake in huge profits. Nevertheless, some arguments clearly compromised GSK’s position. To begin with, GSK could not be exempted from Article 81 of the European Union that outlaws any activity that restricts trade among member states (Covingon & Burling 2005). Limiting parallel market operations would amount to undermining competition within EU member states (Morgan Lewis 2009, p. 1). Secondly, pharmaceutical companies, especially GSK, were not contributing towards the improvement of the production and distribution of medical products. Moreover, GSK had not been party to the promotion of technical and economic growth in their countries of operation. Consequently, the giant pharmaceutical corporation lost the case. Covington & Burling (2005) Parallel Trade in Pharmaceutical Products in Europe: The European Court of Justice’s Ruling in Syfait v. GSK.[Online]. Available from http://www.cov.com/files/Publication/13800cb1-53df-44f7-8fc6-acef546be00b/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/02f82d54-11c6-41ce-9dad-b190bfc3309c/oid11576.pdf. [Accessed April 29, 2014]. Morgan Lewis. (2009) European Court of Justice Delivers Mixed Message on Parallel Trade. Morgan Lewis. [Online] October 6, 2009. Available from http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/ATR_EuropeanParallelTrade_LF_06oct09.pdf. [Accessed

Corporate finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate finance - Assignment Example Blume (1993) had suggested that CAPM provides a model of equilibrium risk/return relationship. The CAPM also denotes that there exists a linear relationship between expected return and non-diversifiable systematic risk which is denoted as beta. This linear relationship is denoted as security market line (SML). In SML, the systematic risk of a share is compared with the risk and return of the market as well as the risk free rate of return for estimating the expected return of a particular share (Arnold, 2008; Pike and Neale, 1999). Figure 1 Source: (Ogilvie, 2008) CAPM defines risk as an extent to which the return of the portfolio of shares or a single share has a covariance with the return in the market. If it is assumed that CAPM correctly defines the capital market, then the risk/return relationship can be established for an efficient market strategy. The CAPM equation represents this relationship and expected return is seen to be a function of the following equation: R = Rf + ? (R m – Rf) Where: R = Expected return on the portfolio or share. Rf = Risk-free rate of return. ? = Beta. It signifies the volatility of the portfolio or the share relative to the market portfolio. Rm = Expected return on the market portfolio. Rm – Rf = Market risk premium (Harrington, 2001; Jones, 1998). Parameters of CAPM The risk-free rate of return: It signifies the return on the asset that has no risk. This indicates that it neither has covariance nor variance with the return on the market. In reality, it is difficult to find an asset of this kind and doubts prevail regarding the actual existence. Various proxies like, treasury bills and government bonds, are used in this stead. However, these proxies are also subjected to inflation and uncertainty and cannot be considered as entirely risk-free (Harrington 2001; Watson and Head, 1998). Return on the market: For CAPM, one of the most important implications is the existence of optimally efficient market portfolio. In t heoretical approach, the market portfolio consists of risky assets that are diversified among the portfolios available. Once this portfolio is held, it is not possible to diversify the risk any further. The market return is the return on the market portfolio, including all the risky assets. Unlike risk-free rate, the market return is difficult to estimate. It is approximated by using the indices of the stock exchange as the proxy for the market. However, issues exist regarding the selection of index to be used as proxy. Beta: It is the measure of non-diversifiable risk and relative measure of risk. It is the risk estimation relative to the market portfolios. In simple words, it measures the price volatility of the share or a portfolio of shares and also, how the expected return of the portfolio or the share will react in consideration to the movement of return in the market portfolio (Moyer, McGuigan and Kretlow 2001; Jones 1998). Hence, beta is the measure for the difference betwee n the return of the various portfolios of share or shares (Ward, 2000; Jones, 1998). Application of Capital Asset Pricing Model in Corporate Decision making CAPM argues that total risk is measured by

Diabetes Prevention in Undiagnosed Adult Population of Vulnerable Essay

Diabetes Prevention in Undiagnosed Adult Population of Vulnerable Groups - Essay Example The initiative 'Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health' developed by the US Department of Health and Human Services, in conformity with Healthy People 2010 goals focuses on areas of health disparity that are known to affect racially and ethnically diverse groups of the population. As the epidemiology of Type-II diabetes is manifested in socially and culturally diverse groups, this initiative tries to understand the scope and nature of the disease that contribute to such disparities. Literature reviews reveal that racial and ethnic minorities in the United States bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes epidemic, because they have higher prevalence rate, worse control, and higher rates of complications associated with diabetes due health disparity. In this context, it is essential to analyze health disparity prevalent among socio-ethnic minorities and vulnerable groups in the United States as well as success of the initiative Healthy People 2010 initiated in the year 20 00. The NIH Work Group on Health Disparities defines Health Disparities as "Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the US." (Health Disparities). Recent research evidence suggests that in addition to racial, ethnic, class and gender bias, "direct and indirect discrimination are also important factors" for health care disparities. (Byrd & Clayton, 2003). The factors influencing direct and indirect discrimination are racism, biased clinical decision making, and access barriers caused by shortage of racial and ethnic minority providers. The healthcare needs, way of presenting symptoms and histories, expectations, responding to medical recommendations, and preferences of patients, which are socio-culturally perceived, presented before health care providers differ from individual to individual. Research literature in psychology, sociology, and physiology suggests that patient's experience and reporting of pain and other symptoms vary sharply. Similarly, the expectations and beliefs of health care providers are framed both by their professional training and experience as well as their exposure and social experiences and a patient's medical history, prognosis, and diagnostic test results may challenge physician's judgment. Studies on healthcare disparity reveals that household income has a direct influence on a family's ability to afford food and other necessities including health insurance, and low-income individuals experience worse health outcomes, suggesting that income disparities leads to health disparities. "Low-income individuals have poor nutrition and health practices and many African-American communities are poorer than the population as whole." (Danelly et al, p. 112). Employment status also has direct influence on household income and insurance status as employment ensures insurance coverage, and thereby assured health care option. Above all, educational attainment has significant role in health status, because a well

Marketing Employability Portofolio Personal Statement

Marketing Employability Portofolio - Personal Statement Example As emphasized on one of the business courses I am currently taking, I need to think strategically in order to ensure the achievement my specific goals and objectives. Thus, I have already set my vision which is to pursue a rewarding career and maximize my full potential. In light with this, my specific objective is to gain a position in the insurance industry which is equally challenging and fulfilling. The employability assessment enabled me to craft the specific strategy required in the attainment of my objectives. I need to accept my ignorance and misconceptions about the UK and international job market. Undertaking the first and third tasks of the assessment revealed these to me. I have also learned that the situation of the UK economy which is slowly integrated with the international market through globalization has a direct impact on the attractiveness and prospects of the labor market. Thus, I need to be imbued with a thorough understanding of the current issues, trends, and development in order to equip myself with the challenges posted by the larger environment. Noting the changes in the business arena, I also enhanc... For example, my position in Laiki Insurance Office has instilled in me customer orientation skills, teamwork, and better communication. The employability tasks enable me to better know myself by revealing my current skills and the ones which I need to improve on. Currently, I am commercially aware, flexible, adept in numerical analysis, has established a professional image, able to listen, attuned to customer needs, and has basic IT skills. Though these skills are primary in gaining a good position in the job market, I also recognize that I also need to be imbued with more especially that the current labor market and employers require their employees not only to specialize in a field but build my strengths and to become multi-tasking. Thus, I am highly motivated to develop various skills including leadership, analysis, research, written communication, planning and organizing, and oral communication. I have committed myself in taking action as soon as possible and be able to acquire the aforementioned skills before the year ends. I also recognize that the best way for me to develop these capabilities is by exposing m yself to situations where these skills are needed. I also plan to write a daily journal where I keep track of my development each day. This way, I will not lose my passion in striving for excellence. One of the most exciting tasks in the employability assessment is the hands-on experience on finding job vacancies, making the appropriate resume, preparing an accompanying covering letter, and getting ready for the interview. I have learned that this is not as easy as it seems and needs a thorough planning ahead of time. These tasks teach me the importance of

The Progression Of Language Development Essay Example for Free

The Progression Of Language Development Essay Infants begin life with no other language than their cries and grunts. As their language mechanism matures, they make more and more sounds. Even before they can use these sounds as language, they begin to comprehend the meanings of words that they hear. They also can communicate their wants and needs with gestures and cries (Papalia et al. , 2002, p. 355).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At about one year, the first word appears. The first word is used as a sentence. Later, the vocabulary increases rapidly. Nouns come first; then verbs; then adjectives and adverbs; with pronouns appearing last (Papalia et al., 2002, p. 356).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language ability depends on maturation, but also on other factors. Those children who talk earliest will, on the average, alter prove to be the most intelligent. Girls tend to talk a little earlier than boys. Single children also tend to talk earlier than twins. Those with a more stimulating home environment make more rapid progress in language development than those with a poorer environment (Papalia et al., 2002, p. 357).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My niece was introduced to two languages from the very start when she was barely three months old. Her parents decided that they introduce her to her ancestral language which is basically French. Although very difficult at first since they will be speaking to her in two languages, they became used to the idea later on. However, they noticed that acquisition of vocabulary is slower compared to unilingual babies or children. This was starting to be evident when the child turned nine months to one-year old when the baby starts to mimic whatever her parents would say to her and starts to speak her desires. Today she is already almost three years old and has been alternately speaking English and French. Though her vocabulary gets mixed many times, she can easily switch to any of the two languages whenever she prefers to; though again given her maturity level, she still is limited with facility for words. From my observation, it is quite true that though a child may be limited with the speed at which he/she can speak words or language compared to the unilingual child, the bilingual tends to have a higher degree of proficiency later on. Studies show that acquiring another language (especially quite similar to the learned ones) will be greater a possibility if the child has been taught with two or more languages as a child (Papalia et al., 2002, p. 357). Reference: Papalia, Diane E., Sally W. Olds, Ruth Duskin Feldman. 2002. Human Development, Eighth   ed. McGraw-Hill.

Alice in Wonderland Essay Example for Free

Alice in Wonderland Essay Its almost impossible to set this story in the time and in the space because nearly all of it forms part of a dream: Alice was very tired and suddenly she felt asleep and began to dream. However, she didnt realize that whatever she saw in Wonderland was only a dream, a product of her imagination but not the reality. Anyway, we could say that there are two main stages: the real world and Wonderland, the fictitious one. In Wonderland all is â€Å"nonsense† and strange, you dont know whats going to happen in each situation. The real world only appears at the beginning and at the end of the story when she wakes up from her nap. Because of it, this world is not very important for readers and for Alice too, who prefers living in a world completely different from hers. Interesting and strange things only happen in Wonderland where everyone is mad. Moreover, there we can see a lot of different places where Alice spends her time like the rabbit-hole, the house of the rabbit, the garden, the house of the Dukes. The time is not very clear because Alice thinks that she has spent a lot of time there, but all her adventures only last the time of her little nap. When you are sleeping you can believe that you have spent a lot of time dreaming and perhaps it has been no longer than fifteen minutes. She doesnt have any kind of time in Wonderland and everything happens all at once and very quickly; so that she didnt realize.

Heart, Cardiac Cycle and the Circulatory System

Heart, Cardiac Cycle and the Circulatory System (i)  Explain the function of heart, and the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart (left side) receives blood filled with oxygen (O2) which comes from the lungs. From there the blood is pumped throughout the body via the aorta and into blood vessels. On the right side is where the heart gets its deoxygenated blood (CO2) which in turn is then sent to the lungs for cleansing. (ivyroses.com 2016) Arteries are made up of 3 layers. The tunica interna is the inner layer. This layer is encased in connective tissue and elastic fibers. After that the next layer up is the tunica media. This thick layer consists mainly of smooth muscle. This layer supports the vessel itself and aids blood flow regulation. The outside layer is called the tunica externa. This layer is made up of connective tissue and elastic fibers. It has the ability to change and become looser connective tissue around the outside of the vessel. (training.seer.cancer.gov ND) Veins carry blood back to the heart. This blood is filled with CO2. The blood is then sent to the lungs for purification and then back to the heart to be sent around the body. The only veins which carry oxygen are the umbilical and pulmonary veins. Veins are like straws, they are small in structure. They have a dense outer layer which consists of connective tissue. Underneath that is the middle layer which is made up of smooth muscle and finally the middle layer which is made up of endothelial cells. (reference.com ND) Capillaries are tiny blood vessels inside the bodily tissues that carry blood from the arteries to the veins. They are more common in tissues like muscle tissues than in connective tissues. (biology.about.com ND) Arteries divide into arterioles. These arterioles branch off into the muscle where they reach the capillaries. A capillary bed is then formed. This is a network of capillaries which then carry blood to the veins. Capillaries also move gases in and out of themselves. These gases include oxygen and carbon dioxide. (teachpe.com ND) Like the lungs, capillaries are responsible for the process of diffusion. Oxygen separates from haemoglobin (found in red blood cells) and passes through the walls of the capillaries into muscle cells where it associates itself with the Myoglobin. This is the muscle cells version of haemogloblin. The oxygen is then used in aerobic metabolism to supply the muscle with energy. (teachpe.com ND) Cross section of an artery.   Ã‚    ©Google Images Cross section of a vein.  ©Google Images Cross section of a capillary.  ©Google Images (ii)  Explain the cardiac cycle and the flow of the blood through the main blood vessels by using the diagram. Blood is pumped around the body in stages, namely the diastole stage and the systole stage. In the diastole stage the atria and ventricles are relaxed and allow blood to enter via the vena cava in to the upper right chamber (right atrium). The deoxygenated blood is passed through a valve which prevents the blood from running backwards, into the lower chamber (right ventricle). After this, the blood is then pumped under extreme pressure from the right ventricle into the lungs by the pulmonary artery. (quora.com 2017) In the second stage oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. It then passes through a valve which closes over after the blood has passed through, preventing the said blood from running back into the atrium. Blood flows down into the left ventricle. It then goes to the aorta (main artery in the body) where it is pumped under immense pressure. Blood is pumped under high pressure to ensure it is sent to the rest of the body as it should do. (biology.about.com 2017) (livescience.com 2017)  ©Google Images Arteries Veins Capillaries Contain narrow lumens Contain wider lumens Have one layer of cells. Here diffusion takes place. They are the smallest of all the blood vessels. Blood is under high pressure Blood is under low pressure Takes blood from the heart Takes blood to the heart Take blood form the body and exchange nutrients, O2 and waste with tissues. Have more muscle/elastic tissue Have less elastic tissue They are oozy vessels that serve as links between arterial and venous systems Carries O2 rich blood (except for the pulmonary artery) Carries CO2 rich blood (except for the pulmonary vein) Has no valves (except for the semi-lunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery Has valves in main veins to stop waste materials returning to the tissues (iii)  Explain the term blood pressure and describe the role it plays in circulatory system. Describe the condition high and low pressure. When the heart pumps blood around the body the blood pushes against the wall of the blood vessels. The rate at which it pushes against the walls is called blood pressure. If blood pressure is high your arteries are put under immense pressure to deliver blood around the body. This may result in the person suffering a heart attack or a stroke. Symptoms of high blood pressure include tiredness, irregular heartbeat and difficulty breathing. Low blood pressure if left untreated can be life threatening. A reading which is less than 90/60 is deemed to be low blood pressure. Although the causes are unclear, it is thought that dehydration and serious medical disorders are among the causes of low blood pressure. (mayoclinic.org ND) What the numbers mean: A blood pressure reading is made up of two numbers, written as one over the other e.g. 80/120. The number at the top is known as the systolic blood pressure. This is the highest level that a persons blood pressure will reach when the heart beats. The bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure. This is the lowest level that a persons blood pressure will reach when the heart relaxes between every single beat. (bloodpressureuk.org 2008)  ©Google Images Section B Identify the main muscles groups within the body and interconnections between the muscular and skeletal system. (ii) Differentiate between the three types of muscles, Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac. Smooth Skeletal Cardiac Maintains flow of fluid in hollow structures Attached to the bone Only found in the heart Found in structures such as veins and arteries Relaxes and contracts Involuntary contraction Contract slowly Striated Features are endurance and consistency Arranged in bundles of muscle fibres. Contracts voluntarily Striated Have only one nucleus Soft and fragile Makes up the atria and ventricles Not banded Every fibre has lots of nuclei and is surrounded by a cover. Relaxes to fill the heart with blood Muscles work automatically Made up of cylindrical cells that made up fibres Never tires (Healdove.com 2016) (Class notes 2016 S. Curran) (training.seer.cancer.gov 2016)  ©Google Images (iii) Describe how the Skeletal and the Muscular System connect together to create the body movement. Movement in the body happens when the skeletal and muscular systems work simultaneously. The skeleton gives us shape and without it we would just be one big blob of skin. The main function of these two systems is bodily movement. (Class Notes.S Curran.2016) As well as joints, bones and muscles work hand in hand to form levers e.g. in the arm and the knee. (livestrong.com 2015) Tendons attach muscles to bones. This is allows bones and muscles to form such levers. (prezi.com 2010) Bones have the ability to hoard fat in their cavities which in turn can help store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Calcium is a vital mineral because without it blood would be unable to clot and a lack of calcium would hinder bodily movement. (prezi.com 2010) Phosphorus enables the body to make protein which is necessary for growth and repairing damaged cells. (medlineplus.gov 2015) Section C Outline the composition of bone the structure of the long bone and explain the function of the skeleton Identify and describe the composition of the bone, joint types and the function of the skeleton. Outline the composition of bone the structure of the long bone and explain the function of the skeleton. The bone is made up of 3 layers periosteum, compact bone and spongey bone. Periosteum is a double layered tissue that covers the compact bone. It cannot be seen by unaided vision. Its an important layer because it holds cells called osteoblasts. These osteoblasts form new bones. The double layer also means that ligaments and tendons can anchor the bone. (healthbase.wordpress.com 2016) Compact bone accounts for 80% of the human skeleton. It forms around the spongey (cancellous) bone. The long bones of the body e.g. arm, leg etc. are primarily made up of compact bone. (britannica.com 2016) Cancellous bone is the spongey bone which is located at the end of each of the long bones and in the vertebrae of the spine. The cancellous bone contains pores as well as red bone marrow which is used to make red blood cells and stem cells which are then used to repair the bone if it gets damaged or broken. The spongey bone is much easier to fracture than the long bone because of its soft composition.  ©Google Images Functions of the skeleton: Protection the skeleton acts as a protector for major organs such as the heart and lungs which are protected by the rib cage and the breast bone. Storage bones store minerals such as calcium. If you consume too much of a particular mineral e.g. calcium, it can build up on the bone. Whenever the supply is low then the body makes up for it by drawing the excess minerals from the bone to build up the supply in the blood system. Movement bones along with muscles work together to make the body move. Form blood cells bone marrow makes red blood cells. On average 2.6 million cells are created per second. (Class notes unit 3 2016) Different types of joints and their functions. There are 3 types of joints: Synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous. Synovial joints are divided up in to 6 categories: Gliding joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, ball and socket joints and pivot joints. Gliding joints allow for smooth rotation in different directions along a smooth surface. An example of this type of joint is the carpal joint which is located in the wrist. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Saddle joints are so called because they fit like a rider on a saddle. They are able to bend in several different directions without ever actually sliding. A prime example of a saddle joint is the joint at the base of the thumb. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Ball and socket joint This type of joint is usually found for example in the shoulder. As the name states a ball and socket joint is given that name because it is where one end of a long bone (ball) meets a socket. Ball and socket joints facilitate movement in several directions. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Condyloid Joints Unlike gliding joints condyloid joints have not got a smooth surface. Bones rotate past each other. Condyloid joints can be found in the wrist. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Pivot Joint This type of joint moves but there is no gliding movement. It facilitates turning moves without any bending sideways as such. An example of a synovial joint is between the first and second vertebrae of the spine. It allows limited movement while keeping the head in place. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Hinge Joints These are formed between 2 bones. A hinge joint allows us to extend (elbow, knee etc.) freely, bones do not slide past each other. (livestrong.com 2012)  ©Google Images Fibrous Joints: These are generally immovable joints. There are 3 types of fibrous joints sutures, gomphoses and a syndesmosis. Sutures are the joints which connect bones in the skull Gomphoses are located between the jaw bone and the teeth. A syndesmosis joint is where a ligament connects two bones for example in the leg the tibia and the fibula. It allows for a very slight movement.  ©Google Images Label the main bone of appendicular axial skeletal. (see attached diagram) The main function of the skin, its structure and relationship between the skin, and circulatory and nervous system The Skin is one of the largest organs of the body. It is made up of three layers: The Epidermis, Dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue. As it has no blood vessels, the epidermis is dependent on the dermis to feed it nutrients and for disposing of excess waste. Epidermis  ©Google Images Keratinocytes is the name given to the wall of the epidermis. It produces keratin, a protein that protects the epithelial cells. The epidermis regenerates in orderly fashion by cell division of keratinocytes in the basal layer, with maturing daughter cells becoming increasingly keratinised as they move to the skin surface. (Dermnetz.org 2016) Keratinocytes are regenerated monthly. There are a number of cells within the epidermis: Merkel cells Merkel cells are cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis. (Dermnetnz.org 2016) These cells allow us to feel sensations such as pain, coolness, heat, numbness and to feel objects. These tiny cells can only be identified by using electron microscopy. They are most commonly found in the soles of the feet and the palm of the hand. Dermis  ©Google Images This is the second layer of the skin and is the biggest part of the cross-section of the skin. In the dermis there are many things such as nerve endings, sweat glands and blood capillaries. The Dermis is sub-divided into 2 sections namely: Papillary Dermis and the Reticular Dermis. Collagen, Elastic Tissue and Reticular fibres are present throughout the Dermis. Subcutaneous layer (c)Google Images The subcutaneous layer is an important line of defence, protecting the fragile organs and bones from outside forces, such as pathogens.(reference.com 2016) The Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer acts as a protector for organs and the skeleton against the elements. Like the other two layers, its thickness depends on where it is in the body. For example the subcutaneous layer on the eyelids would be thinner than on the skin around the soles of the feet. Its main function is to act as a temperature regulator. Functions of the skin: Protection: Melanin in the skin protects the body from harmful UV rays produced by the sun. Skin has the ability to protect organs and bones from exposure to the environment. It also can protect the body from bacterial infections. Temperature Regulation: When environmental temperatures are high, the skin releases sweat as a means of cooling the body down. If youre cold, blood vessels in your skin fill up with blood to generate heat. Immunity Some skin cells work with the immune system to fight against bacteria and viruses. Some bacteria live on the skin, this is normal as it is good bacteria. However if it gets in under the skin, it can cause infection such as cellulitis. Growth and Movement The skins elasticity allows the body to grow as we get older. Without it we would not be able to move freely, if at all. Excretion Skin helps to get rid of waste such as urea, sweat and carbon dioxide. Endocrine: when exposed to a small amount of UV rays, the skin produces Vitamin D. a chemical in the skin called 7-dehydrocholesterol reacts with the UV rays. Over exposure to UV can have dire consequences such as skin cancer, so exposure to the sun must be kept in moderation. Absorption: Skin absorbs oxygen and nitrogen. Some animals have no need for lungs because they can actually breathe through their skin. Water Resistance: Skin is covered by oils and nutrients which form a protective layer against water. (newhealthguide.org ND) The relationship between the skin, circulatory system and the nervous system.   Ã‚   All bodily functions are regulated by the brain via the nervous system. The brain sends messages to the rest of the body through nerves. Without it the circulatory system could not function. Cardiac functioning and transportation of fluid in the body is started by messages coming from the brain. The circulatory system is made up of arteries, veins, capillaries and other passages which are central to its functioning. The nervous system is made up of the spinal cord, brain and nerves. It controls what the body does. Signals are sent to and from the brain via the nerves to create proper functioning. A prime example of how these systems work together is in blood pressure and regulation of the heart rate. The vagus nerve regulates the pumping of the heart. Blood is pumped through the passages around the body and into the organs. Baroreceptors give the brain information about blood pressure. The brain can then make adjustments to how the heart pumps. It is because of this process that bloo d pressure is kept at a normal level. The nervous system has the power of bodily functions but it needs the circulatory system to relay the messages so that such adjustments can be made accordingly. (wisegeekhealth.com ND) The integumentary system (skin) works with the circulatory system. The skin contains networks of capillaries. This means that substances can enter the bloodstream though the skin and this is the reason why some medicines such as female contraception can be delivered in patch format. Neurons are contained within the skin to sense the environment. These neurons send signals to the nervous system such as touch and it begins action based on these signs. For example if you burn your finger, nerve cells send signals up your arm to the spinal cord and brain. Nerve cells in the brain interpret these messages as pain. Skin aids temperature regulation by way of changing blood supply patterns and by sweating which helps to cool the body down. (sciencenetlinks.com ND)  ©Google Images (iii) Using the table format give six examples of viral, bacterial, fungal skin diseases.. Viral Bacterial Fungal Flu Tuberculosis Nail Fungus Shingles Cellulitis Oral Thrush Viral Pneumonia Salmonella Athletes Foot HIV/AIDS Helicobacter Pylori Impetigo Chicken Pox Staph Infection Jock Itch Herpes Scarlet Fever Vaginal Yeast Infection (Healthgrades.com 2016) (Rightdiagnosis.com 2016) (Healthonline.com 2016) (Dermnetz.org 2016) Example of a Viral Infection:  ©Google Images Example of a bacterial infection:  ©Google Images Example of a fungal infection:  ©Google Images References: (Class notes unit 3 S. Curran 2016) Biology.about.com (2016) Phases of the Cardiac Cycle [online], available: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/cardiac_cycle.htm[Accessed 1st March 2017] Biology.about.com (2017) What Is a Capillary? [online], available: Bloodpressureuk (2008) What is blood pressure? [online], available:http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressure [Accessed 15th March 2017] Bloodpressureuk (ND) What is blood pressure? [online], available: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressure [Accessed 19th January 2017] Britannica.com (2016) Compact bone [online], available: https://www.britannica.com/science/compact-bone [accessed 12th December 2016] Dermnetz.org (2016) Bacterial Skin Infections [online], available: http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/bacterial-skin-infections/ [accessed 5th December 2016] Healdove.com (2016) The Differences Between Skeletal, Smooth Cardiac Muscles [online], available:https://healdove.com/misc/The-function-of-Muscles-and-the-3-main-types [Accessed 19th December 2016] Healthbase.wordpress.com (2016) Medical Tourism Blog, Surgical Tourism Blog, Overseas Medical Travel Blog [online], available: https://healthbase.wordpress.com/2007/03/22/composition-of-a-bone/ [accessed 12th December 2016] Healthgrades.com (2016) What are viral diseases? [Online], available: https://www.healthgrades.com/conditions/viral-diseases [accessed 5th December 2016] Healthline.com (2016) Candida Fungus Skin Infection [online], available: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/capillary.htm [Accessed 2nd March 2017] http://www.healthline.com/health/skin/candida-fungus#ReadThisNext0 [accessed 5th December 2016] Ivyroses (2016) The Functions of the Heart [online], available: http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Blood/Heart_Functions.php [Accessed 18th January 2017] Livescience (2016) Circulatory System: Facts, Function Diseases [online], available: http://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html [Accessed 1st March 2017] Livestrong (2012) 6 types of synovial joints [online], available: http://www.livestrong.com/article/74183-types-synovial-joints/ [Accessed 4th January 2017] Livestrong (2012) 6 types of synovial joints [online], available: http://www.livestrong.com/article/74183-types-synovial-joints/ [Accessed 5th January 2017] Livestrong.com (2015) How the Skeletal System Works With the Muscular [online], available: http://www.livestrong.com/article/76374-skeletal-system-works-muscular/ [Accessed 4th January 2017] Mayoclinic (ND) Low blood pressure Hypotension [online], available: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20032298 [Accessed 19th January 2017] Medlineplus (2015) Phosphorus in diet[online], available: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002424.htm [Accessed 4th January 2017] Newhealthguide (ND) Functions of the Skin [online],

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and His Leadership Essay -- American History

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and His Leadership On a rainy day in March 1933, a country watched eagerly as Franklin Delano Roosevelt swore in as the thirty-second president of the United States. At this time, the United States was hurting badly from a depression, soon called the Great Depression, and yearning out for a new leader who would help them. Roosevelt, also known as FDR, proved to the country that he was the right guy for the job with some of the most famous words ever said; "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" (Franklin). Everyone in the U.S. stood behind Roosevelt through the Great Depression and even through World War II and until his death. Roosevelt proved to the nation that he was a courageous and brave leader that would help the country out, no matter what the consequence, even his own death. The rise of this great leader was not an easy one, despite being born into a wealthy family. Born on January 30th, 1882, FDR was the only child in his family, so his parents gave him tons of attention, making FDR's childhood very happy (Grapes 13). FDR was tutored through his early education from private tutors and even his parents, who traveled quit a bit. When Roosevelt was fourteen, his mother and father sent him to a boarding school for the wealthy called Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts (Schuman 16). After attending boarding school, Roosevelt went to Harvard where he became active in many school activities and charities, even becoming editor-in-chief of Crimson, Harvard's school newspaper (Grapes 14). After graduating from Harvard, FDR went on to hold many important political offices, including state senator of New York, assistant secretary of the Navy, governor of New York, and finally be... ...eassuring them, making them feel secure with his chats. Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the greatest leaders the U.S. has ever had as the President because of the way he fulfilled everyone's universal needs. FDR had a sensitive leadership style which helped him talk with the people and let them know what was going on with the country, making them feel secure and giving them the clarity and certainty of the future. When the nation was attacked and chaos broke out, FDR was there with his courage and determination to not let anything hurt the U.S., fulfilling the need for authority. Roosevelt also united the nation through tough times with his weekly chats and his powerful speeches. Through it all, FDR is my favorite leader in the history of the U.S. because he overcame the impossible and comforted a nation through some of the toughest events in our history.

The Evil of Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Human cloning would certainly lead to social harm.   If an individual led a distraught or irresponsible life, would the clone be inclined to follow in his footsteps? Because of negative publicity, this clone's life may already be in the road to destruction prior to even becoming a clone. Would you want to be the clone of Hannibal, who devoured his victims after he murdered them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning would also lessen the worth of an individual and diminish the respect for life. If humans feel they can be replaced, like that of an object, then disposing of a human life would come at no great cost to their conscious.   Resulting in perhaps a killing spree that would have no type of harsh punshment.   As it stands, it is difficult to lose one loved one, but the thought of losing several would be a disaster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Match has launched a second opposition party called CATCH (Coalition Against The Cloning of Humans). Together both MATCH and CATCH joined forces with MCD (Movement for Christian Democracy).   All three opposition parties have a concern about the mutation of genes. This is because the technique's are extremely risky.   The main worry is the possibility that the genetic material used from the adult will continue to age so that the genes in a newborn clone could be more on the day of birth, this is what the cloning of Dolly concluded.   It took 277 attempts to clone Dolly, the clones before her were disfigured and contained severe abnormalities.      The Catholic Church, Pope John Paul II made a recent statement against cloning of all life forms. The Vatican issued statement specifically condemning the cloning of humans but has not come out officially against cloning of other animals.   If God would have wanted us to clone ourselves, he would of given us a way for a-sexual reproduction.   But because we were made to reproduce bi-sexually, this is the only way we should continue to do so.   However, in contrast to the opinions of their peers, some Jewish and Muslim religious leaders testified before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission that they feel that embryo and cloning research might provide discoveries that would lead to an appropriate way to counter infertility.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Others feel that the emotional pressures on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity is also a concern.   How will a child be able to distinguish between her mother, and her sister, will they be one in the same?

Essay --

A major concern of environmentalists is the impact and wellbeing of Alaska’s environment. The picture in Source E, gives the impression that we are destroying the last pristine place on Earth for no profit, nor for the good of the people. It makes the idea of drilling in ANWR seem ridiculous and even damaging to the country. However, the comic is misleading. As Doc Hastings, a US Congressman, says in Source A,† The North Slope of ANWR, a tiny section of the 19 million acre refuge, was specifically set aside by President Jimmy Carter and congress for potential energy production. . . We can harness the potential of ANWR by using less than 3% of its acreage.† Their ability to access billions of oil while only using a small percentage of land proves that the â€Å"last pristine place on earth† will remain natural and rural. It has to remain that way; the vast majority of ANWR is permanently off to any exploration. Another major issue that hits hard with a lot of people is the impact the oil fields will have on the wildlife. Native animals such as the caribou, bring up large opposition due to ...

Language and Cognition Essay

For years, I have witnessed how the art of teaching had evolved and it keeps on evolving. Every year, the teaching practice is revised; old techniques are changed with new approaches suiting the new generation. Unknowingly, teachers are pressured to cope with all these changes yet with their dedication, they find means to give quality education to us students. With this article, teachers are given a new way to teach young minds. I strongly believe that a child’s first steps to learn language and literacy are the most crucial ones. His first learning and experiences in school will serve as his foundation throughout his life. I could see the importance of teachers in this stage. Thus, teachers should be competent enough to develop the child. The new approach discussed in the article promotes interactive teaching and interactive learning and as a student, I agree with this approach. By using this approach, students are encouraged to talk and participate and as a result given more chance to express their thoughts and ideas in class well making it easy for learning. As I see it for the teachers’ side, it would be more convenient for them to listen to their students’ responses and so they could understand their knowledge and thinking, as well as correct some misunderstandings and misconceptions. On the other hand, it was stated in the article that other teachers might be hesitant to apply this new approach with their fear of losing classroom control, and I understand that since some students, when given freedom to speak, misuse it. Nevertheless, as a learner, I am very open to this approach and I appreciate this article for helping teachers in acquiring new techniques for their profession and also for helping students learn language better which is their foremost step to literacy and quality education.

Influential factors Essay

When it’s time to develop a new program, the first thing that must be considered is the decision on what programming language to utilise. This is important because changing the program midway through completion is very difficult to achieve, and will often require a vast rewriting of code. There are a number of issues that will influence this decision, and these are:   Organisational policy, suitability of the language, the availability of trained staff, how reliable the program is, cost of development and maintenance, expandability of the language, and interoperability with other languages Table of Contents Task Brief 1 Overview of Report 1 Organisational Policy 1 Suitability 2 Availability of Trained Staff 2 Reliability 2 Development and Maintenance Costs 2 Expandability 3 Interoperability 3 Summery 3 Bibliography 4 Organisational Policy All organisations will have policies (methods of practice) dictating that they will operate under specified conditions. A policy of developing applications using one particular language may come from historical use, and a foundation of previous development tools (such as IDEs) for that one language. (M Fishpool, 2007, p. 156) To deviate to using another language may in that instance not make sense to the hierarchy of the organisation. This may ring particularly true if the organisation has established a relationship with a particular vendor, such as Microsoft. Maintaining a link with this company may be rewarded with better support and discounts. (Anderson, 2010, p. 166) On the other hand, maintaining the use of a particular piece of software (such as Microsoft’s IDE Visual Studio) would limit language choice to those that suit that company’s interests. Another choice they may pursue is to utilise open source software, which brings its own benefits and disadvantages. Open-source software does not offer personalised technical support and relies on an unpaid, potentially unreliable enthusiast community to provide these solutions, but is usually free to use. Suitability Building a program in a language unsuitable for its intended task will cause big problems down the line, which is why understanding the application’s technical requirements is important. The first thing to consider when making a program is what the intended platform will be. This could be computer setups such as Windows, OS X, a Linux-based OS, a web-based application, a smart phone-based app or the option to be platform agnostic could also be desired. Languages that are built to be natively run on one platform (like C++) will be more effective in completing intensive tasks, but building a program in Java means that the application will work the same way on any OS with the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) software installed (Oracle, 2011). The complexity of the program will also affect whether a procedural or object-oriented language will be chosen, as is whether appropriate features are included in the chosen IDE. (Anderson, 2010, p. 166) Availability of Trained Staff If a language is popular and used widely (such as Java, C, or C++ (TIOBE, 2011)), then there will be more professionals that are able to code in it than there are for less popular languages. Therefore, choosing a popular language will make it easier to recruit personnel for a new project. Also, looking at what languages the organisation has historically used, the kind of hardware installed, and what skill sets existing employees have will have an impact in this decision. Reliability. A program becomes unreliable when how it will deal with data becomes unpredictable, and this is what can cause programs to crash. This is why some languages, like Ada, are created with an emphasis on features that make them less likely to crash. (Anderson, 2010, p. 166) The best way of ensuring that code is predictable and reliable is to use a strict language, which is one with a strong type system. A strong type system specifies restrictions on how values of different data types (such as integers and strings) are allowed to be intermixed, and stops the source code from compiling if it thinks data is being incorrectly mixed. This provides a guarantee about how the program will behave when it starts running. (Wikipedia 2, 2011) Development and Maintenance Costs Part of the idea of planning the development of a program also includes the costing of the entire project. In order to do so, we take into account the length of time each development stage will take, and what resources will be needed at which point. A lot of resources are spent before the first line of code is even written to make sure that the language and IDE we choose will be the most suitable and acceptably reliable, because choosing an â€Å"unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs. † (M Fishpool, 2007, p. 155) Also, rather than simply creating error fixes, maintenance is also about how the program evolves post-deployment, as suggested by Lehman’s Laws. (Wikipedia 1, 2011) Therefore, how much of the overall budget will go towards the evolution of the application needs to be taken into account. Expandability Expandability is about planning the long term future of the program. Programs in active use will rarely cease to be updated following its first release. It will usually evolve beyond its original specification and require more features to be added, or be asked to process more data. If this is the case and the program is not easily expandable, a lot more time and money than necessary will need to be spent on rewriting code or porting it to a different language. For this reason, object oriented languages are popular because new features can be ‘bolted on’ as additional classes. (M Fishpool, 2007, p. 156) If this is not a concern, a procedural language can be used instead. Interoperability The presence of several languages may dictate whether a language needs to be interoperable. Interoperability is achieved when programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. (Wikipedia 3, 2011) One way this is done is through the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification, which is implemented using Mono and Microsoft’s . NET. These allow any language that meets the CLI specification to be able to be run by their virtual machine. The most common language is C#, which was especially created to be used in . NET, but dialects of popular languages have been created to be used in a similar fashion (examples include C++/CLI and VB. NET). Summery In this report, we discussed what factors are influential in choosing a programming language for a project. We discovered that companies will have organisational policies which restrict employees to only use certain languages or certain company’s’ software. We also learned that all languages have pros and cons, so that understanding what task our program needs to do will ensure we pick the language that is most suitable. We also need to make sure that there are actually people available to employ to code for us, so we should choose a popular language to make it easier to recruit employees. Reliability is also an area of importance, but for programs where reliability must be guaranteed, we learned that there are languages such as Ada which cater to this specific requirement. Budgets are also an issue as development and maintenance costs will differ between languages, and an unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs. If we need our software to be expanded in the future, it is also best to choose a language that can support this from the start. Finally, we learned about interoperability and how programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. Bibliography Anderson, J. K. L. M. P. a. S. , 2010. BTEC National Level 3 IT Student Book 1. 1st ed. Edexcel. M Fishpool, B. F. , 2007. BTEC Level 3 National in IT. 2nd ed. Hodder Education. Oracle, 2011. Java Runtime Environment (JRE). [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://java. sun. com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/† http://java. sun. com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/ [Accessed 1 October 2011]. TIOBE, 2011. TIOBE Index. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. tiobe. com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index. html† http://www. tiobe. com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index. html [Accessed 01 October 2011]. Wikipedia 1, 2011. Software Maintenance. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Software_maintenance† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Software_maintenance [Accessed 2 October 2011]. Wikipedia 2, 2011. Strong Typing: Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language [Accessed 14 October 2011]. Wikipedia 3, 2011. Interoperability. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interoperability† l â€Å"Software† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interoperability#Software [Accessed 27 September 2011].

Financial Accounting Concepts: Pepsico, Inc. and the Coca Cola Company

Financial Analysis Randall Meeks Financial Accounting Concepts Mr. Carraher 9-12-2010 PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company have both been in production for ages. Both PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company have become common house hold names through out the world today. Pepsi is one of the best selling products in American history. â€Å"Pepsi is the number 2 soft drink company producer, the world over. Pepsi’s number one priority is making sure that their shareholders investments are profitable. Pepsi has been able to achieve this goal for the most part via increased sales, keeping cost low, and spending money wisely.Pepsi takes pride in the name, they have built an excellent brand by deliver a product that is satisfying to the consumer, as well as safe. The investors in the company also can be happy with the return of investment†(investorguide. com). â€Å"The Coca Cola Company is likely, one of the most significant brands in American history. Coke can go in a ca tegory with a company like McDonalds when it comes to brand value, these two trademarks are 2 of the most recognized in the world. Coke is the highest seller of soft drinks, moving 1. 3 billion beverages that are served daily†(investorguide. com).Pepsi and Coke have been mass producing soft-drinks on an assembly line for a very long time and they both have been competing for the number one soft drink seller spot. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Company targets all income segments of customers in the entire world as their products are high quality and very recognizable. Coke and Pepsi offer products so similar that you probably could not tell the difference in a blindfolded taste test. It is a well known fact that when a business goes outside of the United States borders, that production and supply channel become very important concerns.Both Coke and Pepsi own plants that manufacturer their products all over the world in many different countries and continents.. Both companies c ompete with each other and try to make sure they stay relevant. They also tend to copy each other and try to outdo one another on a day to day basis. I will go in detail to explain the financial comparison and contrasting between both companies. I will also explain the vertical and horizontal comparison between the two companies. The main point I will make is to show the difference between both companies financially. Vertical AnalysisConsolidated Income Statement The cost of goods of PepsiCo Inc was $11,031 and $12,314 in 2004 and 2005. The price of product sold in 2004 was 38% of net sales and in 2005, it was 37. 82% of net sale. The price of goods sold went down in 2005. The cost of commodities was $7,674 and $8,195 in 2004 and 2005 for Coke. It was 35% and 35. 47% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. Cost of commodities sold increased for The Coca Cola Company and decreased for PepsiCo, Inc. The operating expense for PepsiCo, Inc was 43% and 43. 54% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. The o perating expenses for Coca Cola were 36% and 37. 2% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Companies operating expense increased in 2005. The earning before T&I of PepsiCo Inc was 18% and 18. 19% of sales in 2004 and 2005.The operating income for The Coca Cola Company was 26% and 26. 34% in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Companies operating income increased. The net income for PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company for 2005 was 21. 09% and 12. 52% The Coca Cola Companies net income ratios was higher than PepsiCo, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheet The current and total assets for PepsiCo, Inc were 31% and 32. 5% in 2004 and 2005. On the opposite side, the total current assets were 39% and 34. 83% in 2004 and 2005. The liquidity position for PepsiCo, Inc. decreased in 2005 and The Coca Cola Company increased in 2005. The additional assets and fixed assets for PepsiCo Inc, were 69% and 67. 05% in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies fixed assets w ere 61% and 65. 17% in 2004 and 2005. The current liabilities for PepsiCo, Inc were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2004 and 2005. The total assets were 24% and 29. 65%. The current liabilities for The Coca Cola Company were $11,133 and $9. 836 in 2004 and 2005.The total assets were 35% and 33. 43%. The current liabilities for PepsiCo, Inc increased while the current liabilities for The Coca Cola Company decreased in 2005. The total liabilities for both companies in 2005 were 55. 08% and 44. 42% of total assets in 2005†¦ The equity for PepsiCo, Inc. was 48% assets in 2004 and 44. 92% assets in 2005. In 2005 PepsiCo, Inc. share holder’s holdings reduced. The equity shares were 55. 58% of assets in 2005 for The Coca Cola Company while in 2004, there were only 51% equity shares. The Coca Cola Companies equity shares were more in relative value as compared to PepsiCo.Horizontal Analysis Consolidated Income Statements The total revenue for PepsiCo, Inc in 2005 and 2004 were $32,562 and $29,261. PepsiCo, Inc had a considerable amount of net revenue in 2005 compared to 2004. The base year of analysis is 2004. The net revenue for PepsiCo, Inc. was 111. 11% in 2005. The total revenue for The Coca Cola Company in 2005 and 2004 were $23,104 and $21,742. Both 2005 and 2004’s revenues were less than PepsiCo, Inc. The net revenue of the company in 2005 was 106. 26% over 2004. The net revenue for 2005 was 6. 26% while 2004 was less.The growth rate of revenue for The Coca Cola Company is less than PepsiCo, Inc. The growth rate of revenue for both PepsiCo and Coca Cola was 11. 11% and 6. 26%. The cost of commodities sold for PepsiCo, Inc was $11,031 and $12,314 in 2004 and 2005. The price of goods sold went up as sales went up. The price of goods sold was 111. 63% compared to 2004's. The cost of commodities sold for The Coca Cola Company was $7,674 and $ 8,195. The cost of commodities sold increased for The Coca Cola Company in 2005 than in 2004. In general and adminis tration expenses of PepsiCo, Inc were $12,674 and $14,176.The operating expenses was 111. 85% in 2005 and 11. 85% more than 2004's. The total operating expenses for The Coca Cola Company was 110. 75% and 10. 75% in comparison to 2004's. PepsiCo, Inc had higher operating expenses than The Coca Cola Company. The operating income for PepsiCo, Inc was $5,259 and $5,922 in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies total operating income was $5,698 and $6,085 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. total operating income was 112. 61% over earlier years. The Coca Cola Companies total operating income was 106. 79% over earlier years.The Coca Cola Companies interest expenses for 2005 were $240 and for PepsiCo, Inc $256. PepsiCo, Inc. interest expenses were more than The Coca Cola Companies. PepsiCo, Inc. net income was $4,078 and $4,212 in 2005 and 2004, PepsiCo, Inc sustained losses in 2005 compared to 2004. The net income for The Coca Cola Company was $4,847 and $4,872 in 2005 and 2004. The Coca Cola Company earned more in 2005 than 2004. Consolidated Balance Sheet The total current assets of PepsiCo, Inc. were $8,639 and $10,454 in 2004 and 2005. The total current assets of PepsiCo, Inc. were 121. 1% prior year’s current assets. PepsiCo, Inc. current assets increased in 2005. The total current assets for The Coca Cola Company were $10,250 and $12,281 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. current assets were 21. 01% more than prior year’s and The Coca Cola Company were 16. 57% less than previous year's assets. Further more the quick assets of PepsiCo, Inc were more than The Coca Cola Companies quick assets. It shows that PepsiCo, Inc liquidity was more than The Coca Cola Company. PepsiCo, Inc total assets were $27,987 and $31,727 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. total assets increased by 13. 6%. The Coca Cola Companies total assets were $31,441 and $29,427. The Coca Cola Company decreased by 6. 41%. It shows that PepsiCo, Inc. increased in 2005 more than The Coca Cola Co mpany. PepsiCo, Inc. current liabilities were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2004 and 2005. The total current liabilities of company were 139. 31% over prior year's liabilities. The current liabilities of Coca Cola were $11,133 and $9,836 in 2004 and 2005. The current liabilities were 88. 35% of previous year's liabilities. The Coca Cola Companies current assets and current liabilities decrease in 2005.The total liabilities of PepsiCo, Inc were $14,464 and $17,476 in 2004 and 2005. The total liabilities in 2005 were 120. 82% prior years. The Coca Cola Companies total liabilities were $15,506 and $13,072 in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies assets and liabilities decreased in 2005. In 2005 PepsiCo, Inc. share holder’s equity were $20,638 and The Coca Cola Company $16,355. The share holder’s equity increased in both PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company. PepsiCo Inc. equity increased by11. 90% and The Coca Cola Company 2. 64%. Ultimately after reviewing and analyzing PepsiC o, Inc. nd The Coca Cola Company I have came to the conclusion that the net profit of PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company decreased in 2005 and in 2004 there was a profit. The operating expenses of PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company improved quite a bit in 2005. I believe both companies should reduce their operating expense. The interest expenses were also high in 2005. I believe all expenses for interest on a loan made to a corporation or other entities or finances from equity shares should be kept at a minimum. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the financial comparison between The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc.Further more I explained vertical and horizontal analyses for the years of 2005 and 2004 for The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc. The main idea was to show how both companies are financially different from each other. References Coca Cola Company (2010). Coca Cola Company. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From www. coca-cola. com PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo Inc. Retrieved September 9. From www. pepsico. com Investorguide (2010). PepsiCo, Inc. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From investorguide. com Investor Guide (2010). The Coca Cola Company. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From investorguide. com